BIOSTIMULANTS AND PLANT HEALTH PRODUCTS FOR TURF SYSTEMS: CURRENT AND FUTURE USE TRENDS

What are Biostimulants? In the purest sense the word, a biostimulant can be defined as any material when applied to a plant that stimulates “life” (e.g. bio). Numerous materials fall this simple definition and it could even be argued that applying water to a plant is one example of a biostimulant since it “promotes life”. Research and use of plant biostimulants in turf systems is nothing new and work has been ongoing for over three decades. An early pioneer in biostimulant research was Dr. Richard E. Schmidt from Virginia Tech. His program pioneered many basic and applied aspects of biostimulants for many plants. A great deal of that research focused on exogenous applications of various natural and synthetic plant hormones with the intent of helping to optimize rooting (Liu et al. 1998), superior tolerance to soil-borne pests like nematodes (Sun et al., 1997), mitigate the effects of stresses like intense ultra-violet light (Schmidt and Zhang, 2001), heat-drought (Wang et al., 2012, 2013, 2014; Zhang and Schmidt, 1999,2000; Zhang et al., 2012,2013), salinity (Yan, 1993; Nabati et al. 1994), improving winter survival (Schmidt and Chalmers. 1993; Zhang et al., 2013), optimizing nutritional efficiency (Schmidt et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2011), or enhancing recovery from routine stressful mechanical cultural management practices (Bigelow et al., 2010).
Dr. Schmidt and with Dr. Xunzhong Zhang coined an initial operating definition for describing these various plant growth substances they were exploring that promoted plant growth without being nutrients, soil improvers or pesticides. They defined biostimulants as “materials that, in minute quantities, promote plant growth”. The use of the word minute in this definition was important and intended to differentiate the fact that these substances compared to traditional nutrients and/or soil amendments elicited a measurable and beneficial response at much lower application rates. They explained the plant biostimulation by way of hormonal effects and often plant protection against abiotic stress through various antioxidant production. Later, the term “metabolic enhancers” was also used but the important aspect was that something positive was happening to the plant beyond what mineral nutrition supplied.
More recently, the definition of biostimulants has been continually refined. In 2015, Patrick duJardin published the paper, “Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation”. In this article a plant biostimulant is defined as “any substance or microorganism applied to plants with the aim to enhance nutritional efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or crop quality traits, regardless of its nutrient content.” The main categories of biostimulants proposed were: Humic and fulvic acids, protein hydrolysates and other N-containing compounds, seaweed extracts and botanicals, chitosan and other biopolymers, inorganic compounds, beneficial fungi and bacteria. These categories were important to define not only traditional biostimulants but also including the beneficial organisms that may elicit a positive plant health response while also helping to guide policymakers who might want to regulate these materials.
In the turf market segment, particularly in the USA, research into the biostimulant was continued at a high level by Drs. Ervin and Zhang who explored numerous aspects of biostimulant materials and their effect on turf physiology from the 2000’s to present. These projects included previously explored materials while including an expanded view of how various synthetic, non-mineral nutritional materials might also promote growth. It was postulated that these materials when applied in conjunction to the naturally biostimulants may produce additive and/or synergistic effect on turf plant growth. In addition to the categories named previously, Ervin (2013) described and suggested mechanisms for a wider range of additional products and chemistries commonly being applied to turf. For example, secondary plant hormones (e.g. salicylic acid) which can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in response to plant pathogens (e.g. fungi, bacteria, insects, nematodes), similarly compounds like phosphites (PO3) that may stimulate phytoalexins (stress induced antimicrobial compounds) for health/diseases suppression. Additional products that could protect tissues from ultra-violet light injury like green pigments or compounds containing titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Acibenzolar, which mimics salicylic acid effects to induce SAR. Synthetic fungicides like propiconazole had been previously explored by Dr. Schmidt with positive plant responses, but newer chemistries like pyraclostrobin was shown in a number of University research trials to slow down plant respiration and boost antioxidants under heat and drought stress. One interesting find was that pyraclostrobin naturally degrades to the amino acid tryptophan which is a precursor to the plant rooting hormone auxin. Amino acids like proline and glycine-betaine are often suggested for use as osmoregulators or dehydration avoidance compounds. The practice of supplementing amino acids via foliar applications in summer months is a long-standing suggested approach to improve plant health that might be experiencing energy depletion during stressful environmental conditions (e.g. the aim of mitigating seasonal summer decline for cool-season grasses). Lastly, the long standing well researched biostimulants like humic substances, auxin, seaweed and cytokinins are listed. A large fraction of biostimulant products marketed to the turf industry contain seaweed extract (SWE), or seaplant/kelp extract. SWE is naturally high in cytokinin (Crouch and VanStaden, 1993) and research by Schmidt, Ervin and Zhang has shown that SWE was similar to a synthetic cytokinin applications and that monthly application of SWE boosted antioxidant levels, less loss of root viability and improved heat/drought tolerance. Further, Ervin and Zhang showed that combining HA + SWE can provide better plant health during stressful conditions than using either alone. The turf industry contains a vast array of products that claim positive plant or soil health benefits, particularly under stress conditions. Choosing the right material for the intended specific plant benefit is truly important.

Summary: Managed correctly turf systems can be a tremendous environmental asset. A dense, healthy stand of turf offers numerous aesthetic, recreational and environmental benefits, most notably holding urban soils in place and filtering contaminants from urban water runoff. They are, however, perennial plant systems that require a certain level of nutritional and water inputs to maintain vigor and persist. If the goal is to manage them more sustainably with fewer traditional inputs, and make them more resilient to environmental stresses then biostimulants and other plant health products are tools to meet this goal. Researching biostimulant effects on turfgrasses allows for advances in more sustainable approaches to turf nutrition. The organic aspects of grass physiology are as important as mineral aspects in proper plant nutrition. The difference in mineral content between plants of the same cultivar with different growth responses is relatively small. Further, mineral nutrition is poorly correlated with tolerance to stresses. However, knowing the impact that biologically active materials have on turfgrass metabolism allows turf managers to condition turfgrass better to tolerate environmental stress. Gaining an understanding of both the mineral functions and metabolic effects will allow for enhancement of nutritional best management practices to mitigate numerous turf stresses. Using this knowledge provides an additional tool for producing high quality, resilient turf under when grown under adverse environments.”
With the focus on and ever-increasing scrutiny over nutrient and water inputs for managing coupled with sometimes severe turf stress like prolonged drought due to increasingly unpredictable climate conditions applying biostimulants to areas that have traditionally received less attention like lawns may become a more main-stream. Regardless of the biostimulant/plant health product or program it is important to point out that biostimulants are not a substitute for a sound plant mineral nutrition program. Further, if the aim is to incorporate biostimulants as part of a holistic plant health program research in turf systems has demonstrated that they must be applied in advance of environmental stresses, etc. to optimize their benefits. There are exciting innovations looming in this space and evidence-based efforts will lead the way in a better understanding of how these materials will help maintain and improve plant health.